Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Languages
J >> John Summerfield >> Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Languages[Transcriber's Note:
This e-text consists of two books:
_Spellings for the Schools in the Chipeway Language_
_Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Language_
In the first book (Spellings...), the hyphen - is used to separate
syllables. In the second book (Grammar...) the hyphen seems to
represent the glottal stop.
In the word lists of the first book, the first entry in each column was
sometimes-- but not consistently-- capitalized. This capitalization has
been retained, whether or not the e-text layout replicates the original.
A few punctuation marks in the paradigms and vocabulary lists have been
supplied or regularized. Other errors and anomalies are listed at the
end of the text. Bracketed text is in the original unless otherwise
noted.]
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Spellings for the Schools
in the
_CHIPEWAY LANGUAGE._
Ah-na-she-nah-pa, Oo-te-ke-too-we-nun;
Ka-ke-ke-noo-ah-mah-ween-twah e-kewh,
Ka-nah-wah-pahn-tah-gigk Mah-ze-nah-e-kun.
YORK, U. CANADA:
Printed for the Canada Conference Missionary Society.
1828
A B C D E F G
H I J K L M N
O P Q R S T U
V W X Y Z
a b c d e f g h i j
k l m n o p q r s
t u v w x y z &
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 0 , ; : . ? ! -
SPELLINGS.
_Words of one Syllable._
Kah Neeje Squach
nah keeje shwas
sah weeje quaich
wah moose paske
keene koose kaugk
neene noose mongk
weene meezhe shongk
meene peezhe jeese
owh neezhe aahe
howh weezhe tdush
ewh moozhe
_Words of two Syllables accented on the second._
Ah keh ah toon me nick
ah keeng e mah me quom
ah kik e kewh me zeh
ah mik e newh me squeh
ahn doohm e qua me tigk
ah nungk I yahdt nah maih
ah owh kah yawsk ne gigk
ah pa ke tahn ne peh
ah pweh ke quis ne peeng
ah sin ke nwazhe ne sing
ah tick mah quah
_Words of two Syllables, accented on the second._
Ne sweh oo ninje qui yuck
oo chawzhe oon taus shing quawk
oo kaudt oo pin shing koub
oo kowh oo saum shing kaugk
oo kun Oo zidt tah zheh
oo mah oo skonzhe te pigk
oo nick oo taih wah zhusk
_Words of two syllables accented on the 1st & 2nd._
Ah zheh ke kooh me kaunce
a shkum ke zhick me nance
a sance ke zis me quaich
a squach ki ya me quon
a tah koo koosh me tdush
a yaudt mah che me owh
a zheh mah kuk me zhusk
che mon mah mick nah nindt
che pywh mah noo na kowh
ka che mahn tdah na yaub
ka kate ma quah ne win
ka gooh me chim ning kah
ke kah me kun
_Words of three syllables accented on the 1st & 2nd._
noo sa poo neh wa quain
noo tdin se peh wau poose
noo tding sah keh we kah
noong koom sau kie we nin
oo jee she shebe we yause
pah mah tain ta we pidt
pa kah wa nain ween sah
pe toon
_Words of three Syllables, accented on the second and third._
Ah je chaugk ah zhoo gun nah kah mooh
ah kah mingk a me quahn ne zhe kaih
ah neen teh a yah chick oo me meh
ah ne moosh a yah yun oo nah kun
ah ne peesh a zhah yun oo ne shkaudt
ah noo kee ka yah peh oo que son
ah pa kish mah ke sin oon tah shahn
ah quing koos mah ne toonce oo ske zhick
ah she kun mah ne toosh oo se tongk
ah wah kahn mah ske moodt pe je nuck
ah wa seeh me ke seh shah wain tung
ah yah pa me sah owh shah wa nim
_Words of three Syllables, accented on the second and half accent
on the third._
E nah shka mah noo min me she nuck
e qua sance me quain tun me tig koonce
e shkoo ta me sah poose mun tah min
ke na pigk me she min nah ma koos
ke noo zhai me she kaih nah ma pin
_Words of three Syllables accented on the first and third._
Pah ke tin
wau be gun
wau bah maudt
wau be min
_Words of three syllables accented on the last._
Ah nah quodt ke she kuck pe pah kim
e we te koo se non pe she keh
ing koo che me nah wah sah ke maih
ing koo twaus me ne zis sah ke toodt
ish pe ming me ze saih se wah quahn
ka ah koo moo koo mon shah kah nosh
kah kah keh mun ne too shong qua sheh
kah nah ka mun ne toogk shoo ne yah
kah ke nick nah koo shah tah be schooch
kah ke nah nah too way tah que shin
kah shah kance neen ah windt ta pain tungk
kah sah meh ne se tum ta pwa tungk
kah moo keede ning ke che tain ta seh
kah we kah noo se non wah ne toodt
ka ka keh nowh ah quay wah wah noon
ka koo weene oo che pway wa koo nain
ka ke quait oo ke mah wa wa neh
ke me wun oo me squeem weje e shin
ke nah wah pah pah say wig ke waum
ke ke che pe me zeh we nah wah
ke she kudt pe na sheeh we wah quahn
_Words of four syllables, accented on the second and fourth._
Ah chit ah mooh oo mah kah keh
ah kuck koo jeesh oo mong ke zheh
ah sun ah kooh oo tah pe nick
ah wah se seh oo tah pe nun
e nah pe yook oo ta e min
ke pah e kun oo que se mon
ke pim oo say oo wig ke waum
ke tah e kun pah ske se gun
me squah ta seh she kah kah winzhe
ne pwah kah win ta pwa tah wick
ne wah pah tahn wah oo na seh
oo ka yah wis
_Words of four syllables accented on the sixth._
Ah quah tah sheeh na pwah kah chick
ah se ke nauk pah kah ah quaih
ah zhah wah maig too too shah boo
ain tah che yungk waug ke koo mon
ke zhe tah yook wah wah ska sheh
maun nah ta nis
_Words of five syllables, a full accent on the last, and half accent
on the second._
Ah kin tah soo win neeng ke te mah kis
ah nah me ah win ne skah te se win
ah ne she nah pay nin tah wa mah took
ah quah ne pe sahn ne te ke koo took
ah sin ne se kah oo kah ke qua win
ke moo te schke win oo zhe pe e kun
ke nah we schke win pah kun te se win
mah ze nah e kun pah pah ke wah yahn
me ne te we nun shah wa ne te win
me skoo te se min sah ke e te win
me tig quah ke zin ween tah mah we shin
mon nain e te win we too kah we shin
ne kah ne se took
_Words of five syllables, accented on the first, the third and last._
Pa zhe go kah zhee
peen tah kah ta waun
oo ke mah we win
oo te ke too win
she pe koo pah tick
wah ne squa se win
_Accented on the two first and last._
Too toosh pim me tay
_Words of six syllables accented on the third and last._
Kah ke pah te se win
kah ke qua we ne neh
kah nah wah pa me shin
kah nah wa ne me shin
mah noo min e ka zheeh
mah kah ta e ne neh
e she wa pe se win
ta pwa yain tah moo win
_Accented on the second and last._
Ke too ke mah me non
kah ke pah te se win
na nahn tah we e waidt
oo mah ze nah e kun
wah wah pe koo noo jhee
_Accented on the third and two last._
ka ke noo ah mah kaidt
mah che ah ye e wish
ah koo koo pe nah gun
ah wah che wun nah gun
_Accented on the 4th and last._
Ahn e me tah koo zin.
THE LORD'S PRAYER.
_Ke-sha-mun-ne-too Oo-que-son Oo-tah-ne-me-tah-koo-se-win._
Neeng-ke-che noo-se-non, Ish-pe-ming a-yah-yun.
Ka-che-mun-ne-too-we-ne-kah-soo-yun. Ke-ke-che-ke-too-ke-mah-we-win
pe-tah-we-she-nom. A-na-ne-me-wong-kane oo-mah-ke-zhe ah-keeng
ne-kah-e-she-we-pe-se-min; tah-pe-schooch a-she-wa-buk e-we-ty
Ish-pe-ming. Me-she-she-nom ka-ne-tah-soo ke-she-kuk me-chim
pe-mah-te-se-win. Ki-ya pa-kah-shah-wa-ne-me-she-nom
che-sah-ke-che-wa-pe-nah-mah-we-yong mah-che-ah-ye-e-wish,
nah-sab-e-koo a-she shah-wa-ne-mong-ke-twah oo-kooh
kah-pah-tah-e-yah-me-ke-chik, ki-ya keen e-she-shah-wa-ne-me-she-nom.
Ka-goo we-kah ing-koo-chee ah-ne-e-she-we-she-she-kah-kane
che-nah-ne-sah-ne-se-yong; mah-noo sah-koo kah-ke-nah
shah-koo-te-nah-mah-we-she-nom mah-che-ah-ye-e-wish.
Keen-mah-ween ke te-pain-tahn ke-che-oo-ke-mah-we-win,
ki-ya euh ke-che-e-she-wa-pe-se-win, ki-ya euh ah-nah-me-ah-win
ka-che-me-nwa-tah-quok, kah-ke-nik ki-ya kah-ke-nik.--Amen.
GRACE BEFORE MEAT.
Ah-noo-shoo-tah-mah-ka-win, che-pwah-we-se-ningk.
O Ke-sha-mun-ne-too Ish-pe-ming a-yah-yun, Shah-wain-tah-mah-we-she-nom
mahn-tdah me-chim pe-mah-te-se-win, kah-pah-ke-te-nah-mah-we-yongk;
me-tdush ka-oon-je mah-skah-we-se-yongk che-ah-noo-ke-tah-koo yun;
me-owh Jesus Christ a-pa-ne-moo-yongk. Amen.
GRACE AFTER MEAT.
Ah-noo-shoo-tah-mah-ka-win, kah-e-squah, we-se-ningk.
O Ke-sha-mun-ne-too, neeng-keche Noo-se-non, me-quaich wa-wa-neh
kah-we-se-ne-yongk noo-koom, ki-ya ain-tah-soo-ke-she-kuck
shah-wain-ne-me-yongk; me-sab-owh Jesus Christ kah-ke-nigk
ka-ah-pa-ne-moo yongk. Amen.
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Sketch of Grammar
of the
CHIPPEWAY LANGUAGE,
To Which Is Added a Vocabulary
of some of the most common Words.
By JOHN SUMMERFIELD,
alias,
SAHGAHJEWAGAHBAHWEH.
Cazenovia:
PRESS OF J. F. FAIRCHILD & SON.
1834.
ADVERTISEMENT.
The following pages were written as an exercise for my leisure hours,
while attending the Oneida Conference Seminary during the past winter.
As it is the first attempt that, to my knowledge, has ever been made to
reduce the Chippeway language to any system, it cannot be expected to be
otherwise than imperfect, and perhaps may hereafter be found to be, in
some respects, erroneous. It is, however, as free from errors as my
present means have enabled me to make it. It has been printed at the
request of my friends, by a fellow student, at his own suggestion and
expense.
J. SUMMERFIELD.
Cazenovia, April 10, 1834.
SKETCH OF GRAMMAR, &c.
The Letters used in the Chippeway Language, are twenty-one, viz.
A, a; B, b; C, c; D, d; E, e; G, g; H, h; I, i; J, j; K, k; M, m; N, n;
O, o; P, p; Q, q; S, s; T, t; U, u; W, w; Y, y; Z, z. F, L, R, V, and X,
are not used.
There are, in the Chippeway Language, ten parts of Speech, namely,
the _article_, the _noun_, the _pronoun_, the _adjective_, the _verb_,
the _participle_, the _adverb_, the _preposition_, the _conjunction_,
and the _interjection_.
OF THE ARTICLE.
There is but one Article, used definitely both in the masculine and
neuter genders, viz. Owh, the, m.; Ewh, the, n.
OF NOUNS.
A Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing; as, Eneneh, man;
Kahdahnahqueeng, Kingston; metig, tree.
Nouns are of two sorts, Common and Proper.
Common Nouns stand for kinds containing many sorts, or for sorts
containing many individuals under them; as, Ahwaseeh, animal; eneneh,
man; kegownh, fish; penaseh, bird.
Proper Nouns are the names appropriated to individuals, as, Charles,
Cazenovia, Ganges. [N.B. Proper names, with a few exceptions, are the
same as in English.]
To Nouns belong gender, person, number, and case.
GENDER.
Gender is the distinction of nouns with regard to sex.
Nouns have three genders, the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter.
The masculine gender denotes males; as, Eneneh, man.
The feminine gender is applied to animals, fishes, and birds; as,
Nahbak, a she bear, &c.
The neuter gender denotes things without sex; as, Wewahquon, a hat.
NUMBER.
Number is the distinction of objects as one or more.
Nouns are of two numbers, the singular and the plural.
The singular number implies but one object; as, Mahzenahegun, a book.
The plural number implies more than one; as, Mahzhenahegahnun, books.
CASE.
Nouns have three cases, the nominative, the possessive, and the
objective.
The nominative case simply expresses the name of a thing, &c.;
as, Owh quewesanceoobahkahmegezeh, the boy plays.
The possessive case expresses the relation of property or possession,
and always ends with the letter _o_; as, Noosayo wegewaum, my father's
house.
The objective case expresses the object of an action or of relation;
as John owejeahn Charles, John assists Charles.
Nouns may be declined in the following manner:
Singular. Plural.
_Nom. Case_, Eneneh, man. Enenewug, men.
_Poss. Case_, Eneneho, man's. Enenewugo, men's.
_Obj. Case_, Eneneh, man. Enenewug, men.
OF PRONOUNS.
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the same
word; as, Pahpenatum eneneh, the man is happy; Pahpenatum, he is happy.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
There are three personal pronouns, viz. Neen, I; keen, thou; ween, he;
with their plurals, Nenahwind, we; kenahwah, ye or you; wenahwah, they.
Personal pronouns have person, number, gender and case.
The persons of pronouns are three in each number, viz.
Neen, I, is the first person, }
Keen, thou, is the second person, } Singular.
Ween, he, is the third person, }
Nenahwind, we, is the first person, }
Kenahwah, you, is the second person, } Plural.
Wenahwah, they, is the third person, }
_Number._--Pronouns have two numbers, the singular and the plural.
_Case._--Pronouns have three cases, the nominative, the possessive, and
the objective.
Pronouns cannot be declined. The cases of each person have the same
form.
First person. _Singular._ _Plural._
_Nom._ Neen, I. Nenahwind, we.
_Poss._ Neen, mine. Nenahwind, ours.
_Obj._ Neen, me. Nenahwind, us.
OF ADJECTIVES.
An Adjective is a word added to a noun to express its quality; as,
quahnoj eneneh, a good man; menwawezheh eneneh, an industrious man.
Adjectives are not varied to agree with their nouns, nor do they have
any regular comparison.
The following is a list of Numeral Adjectives:
Pazhick, 1
Neezhe, 2
Nesweh, 3
Newin, 4
Nahnun, 5
Ingoodwahsweh, 6
Neswahsweh, 7
Shahsweh, 8
Shongsweh, 9
Metahsweh, 10
Metahsweh ahshepazhick, 11
---- ahsheneezhe, 12
---- ahshenesweh, 13
---- ahshenewin, 14
---- ahshenahnun, 15
---- ahsheingoodwahsweh, 16
---- ahsheneswahsweh, 17
---- ahsheswahsweh, 18
---- ahsheshongsweh, 19
Nestahnah, 20
Nestahnah ahshepachick, 21
---- ahsheneezhe, 22
---- ahshenesweh, 23
---- ahshenewin, 24
---- ahshenahnun, 25
---- ahsheingoodwahsweh, 26
---- ahsheneswahsweh, 27
---- ahsheshahsweh, 28
---- absheshongsweh, 29
Nesemetahnah, 30
Nemedahnah, 40
Nahnemedahnah, 50
Ingoodwahsemedahnah, 60
Neswahsemedahnah, 70
Swahsemedahnah, 80
Shonggahswehmedahnah, 90
Ingoodwak, 100
Nezhwak, 200
Neswak, 300
Newak, 400
Nahnwak, 500
Ingoodwahswak, 600
Nezhahswak, 700
Shawhswak, 800
Shongahswak, 900
Medahswak, 1000
Neezhemedahswak, 2000
Medahswehdahswak, 10,000
Nestahnahdahswak, 20,000
Nemedahnahdahswak, 40,000
OF VERBS.
A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, or to suffer; as,
Nedahyah, I am; Nedebahkoonewa, I rule; Nedebahkoonegoo, I am ruled.
Verbs are of three kinds, active, passive, and neuter.
A Verb Active expresses an action, and necessarily implies an agent and
an object acted upon; as, Nezhahgeah James, I love James.
A Verb Passive expresses passion or a suffering or the receiving of an
action, and implies an object acted upon, and an agent by which it is
acted upon; as, Chezhahwaneding, to be loved; John oojezhahwanemah
neen, John is loved by me.
A Verb Neuter expresses neither action nor passion, but being or a state
of being; as, Nenebah, I sleep; Nenahmahdub, I sit.
Verbs have number, person, mood and tense.
NUMBER AND PERSON.
Verbs have two numbers, the singular and the plural.
There are three persons in each number; as,
Pers. _Singular._ _Plural._
1. Nezhahwanega, I love. Nezhahwanegamin, we love.
2. Kezhahwanega, thou lovest. Kezhahwanegaim, you love.
3. Zhawanega, he loves. Zhahwanegawug, they love.
MOOD.
The moods are five, Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, Potential, and
the Infinitive.
The Indicative declares or affirms positively, or it asks a question;
as, Zhahwanega, he loves; Zhahwaneganah? Does he love?
The Subjunctive expresses action or passion in a doubtful manner;
as, Kespin zhahwanegaid, if he loves.
The Imperative is used for commanding, exhorting, and entreating;
as, Mahjahn keen, depart thou; Noodahmooyook, do thou listen.
The Potential implies possibility, liberty, power, will; as, Tahgemewan
kahnahbuge, it may rain; Kegahwesenemin kiya kahmenequamin, we shall
eat and drink.
The Infinitive simply expresses the signification of the verb;
as, Cheezechegang, to do; Chegegedoong, to speak.
TENSE.
Verbs have six tenses, the present, the imperfect, the perfect, the
pluperfect, the first and second future tenses.
The present tense represents a present action as taking place at the
time in which it is mentioned; as, Nebop, I laugh; Newob, I see;
Nedenadum, I think.
The imperfect tense denotes past action or event however distant,
finished, but without defining the exact time of its completion;
as, Oodanongezahbahneeg ahpe naquaskahwod, they were travelling to
the town when he met them.
The perfect tense refers not only to what is past but also conveys
an allusion to the present time; as, Ahzheh negegezhetoon
nemahzhenahegun, I have finished my letter.
The pluperfect tense represents a thing, not only as past, but also
as prior to some other point of time specified in the sentence;
as, Ahzehnegegezhetonahbun letter chebwabedahgweshing, I had finished
my letter before he arrived.
The first future tense represents the action as yet to come, either
with or without respect to the precise time when; as, Owh kezis
tahbemookahum wahbung, the sun will rise to-morrow.
The second future tense represents a future action that will be
accomplished before another future action; as, Negahwesenenahbun
nahwahquaig, I shall have dined at twelve o'clock.
A Verb is conjugated in the following manner:
TO LOVE.--Indicative Mood.
_Present Tense._
_Sing._ 1. Nezhahwanega, I love.
2. Kezhahwanega, Thou lovest.
3. Zhahwanega, He loves.
_Plur._ 1. Nezhahwanegamin, We love.
2. Kezhahwanegaim, Ye or you love.
3. Zhahwanegawug, They love.
_Imperfect._
_Sing._ 1. Negezhahwanega, I loved.
2. Kegezhahwanega, Thou lovedst.
3. Kezhahwanega, He loved.
_Plur._ 1. Negezhahwanegamin, We loved.
2. Kegezhahwanegaim, Ye or you loved.
3. Kezhawanegawug, They loved.
_Perfect._
_Sing._ 1. Ahzehnegezhahwanega, I have loved.
2. Ahzehkegezhahwanega, Thou hast loved.
3. Ahzehkezhahwanega, He has loved.
_Plur._ 1. Ahzehnegezhahwanegamin, We have loved.
2. Ahzehkegezhahwanegaim, Ye or you have loved.
3. Ahzehkezhahwanegawug, They have loved.
_Pluperfect._
_Sing._ 1. Ahzehnegezhahwaneganahbun, I had loved.
2. Ahzehkegezhahwaneganahbun, Thou hadst loved.
3. Ahzehkezhahwanegabun, He had loved.
_Plur._ 1. Ahzehnegezhawanegaminahbun, We had loved.
2. Ahzehkegezhahwanegamwahbun, You had loved.
3. Ahzehkezhahwanegabahneeg, They had loved.
_First Future._
_Sing._ 1. Negahzhahwanega, I shall or will love.
2. Kegahzhahwanega, Thou shalt or wilt love.
3. Tahzhahwanega, He shall or will love.
_Plur._ 1. Negahzhahwanegamin, We shall or will love.
2. Kegahzhahwanegaim, You shall or will love.
3. Tahzhahwanegawug, They shall or will love.
_Second Future._
_Sing._ 1. Negahzhahwaneganahbun, I shall have loved.
2. Kegahzhahwaneganahbun, Thou wilt have loved.
3. Tahzhahwanegabun, He will have loved.
_Plur._ 1. Negahzhahwanegaminahbun, We shall have loved.
2. Kegahzhahwanegamwahbun, You will have loved.
3. Tahzhahwanegabahneeg, They will have loved.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
_Present Tense._
_Sing._ 1. Tahgahneenegazhahwanega, Let me love.
2. Zhahwanegain, or } Love thou, or do thou love.
Kezhahwaneganah, }
3. Tahgahween tahzhahwanega, Let him love.
_Plur._ 1. Tahgahnenahwind } Let us love.
gahzhahwanegamin, }
2. Zhahwanegayook, or } Love ye or you, or
Kezhahwanegaimnah, } do you love.
3. Tahgahwenahwah } Let them love.
tahzhahwanegawug, }
POTENTIAL MOOD.
_Present Tense._
_Sing._ 1. Nedahzhahwanega, I may love.
2. Kedahzhahwanega, Thou mayest love.
3. Tahzhahwanega, He may love.
_Plur._ 1. Nedahzhahwanegamin, We may love.
2. Kedahzhahwanegaim, You may love.
3. Tahzhahwanegawug. They may love.
_Imperfect Tense._
_Sing._ 1. Nedahgezhahwanega, I might love.
2. Kedahgezhahwanega, Thou mightest love.
3. Tahgezhahwanega, He might love.
_Plur._ 1. Nedahgezhahwanegamin, We might love.
2. Kedahgezhahwanegaim, You might love.
3. Tahgezhahwanegawug, They might love.
_Perfect Tense._
_Sing._ 1. Nedahgewezhahwanega, I may have loved.
2. Kedahgewezhahwanega, Thou mayst have loved.
3. Tahgewezhahwanega, He may have loved.
_Plur._ 1. Nedahgewezhahwanegamin, We may have loved.
2. Kedahgewezhahwanegaim, You may have loved.
3. Tahgewezhahwanegawug, They may have loved.
_Pluperfect Tense._
_Sing._ 1. Nedahgewezhahwaneganahbun, I might have loved.
2. Kedahgewezhahwaneganahbun, Thou mightest have loved.
3. Tahgewezhahwanegabun, He might have loved.
_Plur._ 1. Nedahgewezhahwanegaminahbun, We might have loved.
2. Kedahgewezhahwanegamwahbun, You might have loved.
3. Tahgewezhahwanegabahneeg, They might have loved.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
_Present Tense._
_Sing._ Kespin zhahwanegayaun, If I love.
Kespin zhahwanegayun, If thou lovest.
Kespin zhahwahnegaid, If he loves.
_Plur._ Kespin zhahwanegayong, If we love.
Kespin zhahwanegayaig, If you love.
Kespin zhahwanegawod, If they love.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
_Pres._ Chezhahwanegang, To love.
_Perf._ Chegezhahwanegang, To have loved.
_Fut._ Ahyegwahwezhahwanegang, To be about to love.
PARTICIPLES.
_Present,_ Zhahwaneding, Loving.
_Perfect,_ Zhahwanemind, Loved.
Conjugation of the Verb TO BE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
_Present Tense._
_Sing._ Nedahyah, I am.
Kedahyah, Thou art.
Ahyah, He is.
_Plur._ Nedahyahmin, We are.
Kedahyaum, Ye or you are.
Ahyahwug, They are.
_Imperfect Tense._
_Sing._ Nedahyahnahbun, I was.
Kedahyahnahbun, Thou wast.
Ahyahbun, He was.
_Plur._ Nedahyahmenahbun, We were.
Kedahyahmwahbun, You were.
Ahyahbahneeg, They were.
_Perfect Tense._
_Sing._ Negeahyahnahbun, I have been.
Kegeahyahnahbun, Thou hast been.
Keahyahbun, He has been.
_Plur._ Negeahyahmin, We have been.
Kegeahyaum, You have been.
Keahyahwug, They have been.
_Pluperfect Tense._
_Sing._ Nedahgeweahyahnahbun, I had been.
Kedahgeweahyahnahbun, Thou hadst been.
Keweahyahbun, He had been.
_Plur._ Nedahgeweahyahmin, We had been.
Kedahgeweahyaum, You had been.
Keahyahbahneeg, They had been.
_First Future Tense._
_Sing._ Negahahyah, I shall be.
Kegahahyah, Thou wilt be.
Tahahyah, He will be.
_Plur._ Negahahyahmin, We shall be.
Kegahahyaum, You will be.
Tahahyahwug, They will be.
_Second Future Tense._
_Sing._ Negahgeahyahnahbun, I shall have been.
Kegahgeahyahnahbun, Thou wilt have been.
Tahgeahyahbun, He will have been.
_Plur._ Negahgeahyahmenahbun, We shall have been.
Kegahgeahyahmwahbun, You will have been.
Tahgeahyahbahneeg, They will have been.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.