The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 2, No. 5, February 3, 1898
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THE GREAT ROUND WORLD
AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT
Vol. 2--No. 5. February 3, 1898. No. 65.
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The Great Round World
And What Is Going On In It
* * * * *
Vol. II., No. 5. FEBRUARY 3, 1898 Whole No. 65
* * * * *
[Sidenote: With the Editor]
As we go to press there is an uncertain feeling resulting from the
departure of our cruiser for Cuban waters. It may provoke a crisis, or
it may lead to a better knowledge of the true attitude of the
administration toward Spain.
Cuba continues to furnish us with its share of current history; the news
is no more encouraging than that of previous weeks, however.
In the East the situation has not materially changed. It continues
interesting--so interesting that this subject is uppermost in the minds
of the civilized world. While any day may witness the peaceful
settlement of the whole trouble, it is by no means certain but that
selfish motives of one of the Great Powers may, at any minute, cause a
general European war.
England's attention is divided between China and Egypt. The Indian and
Chinese questions bid fair to be merged, as there are indications that
England's attitude toward China is not an unselfish one.
In France the Dreyfus clamor has grown to a disturbance, the disturbance
to riot;--what next?
The short sketch of the life of Gladstone which will be published in
next week's number should interest all of our readers. The "Grand Old
Man" is undoubtedly the grandest figure in the history of the century
now closing, and his admirers are to be found in every part of the
world--many in our own country, where self-achieved greatness is by no
means uncommon. His has been a life of constant, unremitted labor in the
advancement of the interests of his fellow-men. No minute in his long
life seems to have been wasted, and to-day, when nearly ninety years of
age, he continues to labor to the utmost of his remaining strength.
* * * * *
Our Naturalist has already received enough suggestions for his projected
book to enable him to write a library, we think, but he says that he is
quite in earnest in wanting to hear from many thousand boys and girls on
this subject. His purpose is apparently to make a book which shall be
found just right by all.
A batch of letters comes in from Baltimore, and the subjects are so
varied and interesting that we give them in outline.
Jane H. wants to know about the mongoose: what kind of snakes it kills;
about sun-spots and their influence on the seasons.
C. F. N. about the sky, sun, moon, and stars.
Philip H. H. about bees and crabs.
Edwin St. J. G. about horses, especially those with long manes and
tails.
Sidney G. about wild animals, lions; also snakes and unfamiliar plants.
Claude E. H. about Mother Carey's chickens. He writes that his uncle
shot one while crossing the ocean.
Murray W. T. about birds and plants, "with pictures."
Howell G. about the quail, woodpecker, and other birds. (We wonder if he
has seen Grant's book on birds, or "Bird Neighbors"?)
James M. about sea-lions and wild animals; also about cats and domestic
animals.
Denison F. about ant-eaters, lions, and whales.
Tom T. about the horse, dog, and python.
You can see by the above letters--and this was but part of one mail--how
many things our young people want to know about, and what a task
"Naturalist" has taken upon himself.
From Sterling, Ill., comes a request from a number of boys and girls for
a book about wild animals and how they live. (Ingersoll's "Wild
Neighbors" is just such a book.)
E. C., of Brookline, writes a very suggestive letter. A few of his wants
are as follows: chapters on garden-grubs, and insects injurious to
vegetation; caterpillars, together with pictures of the butterflies that
come from them; birds' nests; colored pictures of beetles, fossils,
shells, etc. He says in conclusion: "Even with things to see, you often
need to be shown how to look."
In this he is right, for we miss many beautiful things in this world
because we do not know "how to look."
We wish to acknowledge with pleasure the well-written letters from Point
Grammar School, Gloucester, Mass., from "Brenda P. S.," "Alberta S.
M.," "Mary S. E.," and "Susan M."
* * * * *
With No. 66 of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD will be issued a portrait of the
young Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. Great interest is being taken
in the approaching coronation festivities, which will take place in
September of this year.
[Illustration: THE EASTERN QUESTION!!!]
Current History
* * * * *
The proposed annexation of the Hawaiian islands is still being actively
discussed in the Senate.
The friends of the bill are doing their best to present every argument
for it in the most convincing way.
Senator Morgan, however, went a little too far the other day in his zeal
in its behalf. He declared that ex-President Cleveland wanted the
islands to be annexed to the United States, but that he thought the
ex-Queen ought first to be restored to the throne and given an
opportunity to let the islands be acquired by purchase.
Mr. Cleveland promptly denied this statement. "I can hardly believe Mr.
Morgan made the assertions imputed to him," he said in an interview. "He
knew perfectly well that I have been utterly and constantly opposed to
Hawaiian annexation. The first thing I did after my inauguration, in
March, 1893, was to recall from the Senate an annexation treaty then
pending before that body. I regard the annexation of these islands as a
complete departure from our national mission. I did not suppose that
there was any person in public life that had any doubt as to my position
in this matter.
"Aside from any question of annexation, and without harboring any
design of restoring the Hawaiian monarchy, I investigated the relation
of our representatives to its overthrow. This investigation satisfied me
that our interference in the matter was disgraceful and wrong, and I
would gladly, for the sake of our national honor and fair fame, have
repaired that wrong; only this, and nothing more."
These remarks are important, as they refer back to the very beginning of
the troubles in Hawaii which led to the present plan of making the
islands a part of the United States.
In saying that the annexation of the islands would be a "complete
departure from our national mission," Mr. Cleveland meant that it was
the policy of our Government not to go outside of America to acquire
territory, but to let other nations alone just as we ourselves wish to
be let alone.
This policy is very different from that of England, for example, who has
for many years been reaching out to add to her already vast possessions.
In other words, our plan is opposed to what is known as the "policy of
grab."
By speaking of "our interference" in the Hawaiian revolution as
"disgraceful," Mr. Cleveland means that the revolution was not only
largely planned by American residents on the islands, but that American
marines were called from the harbor of Honolulu to the government
building to assist the revolutionists, or, as the revolutionists
themselves declare, to protect American interests on the islands.
Now that the question of annexation is before the country, a prominent
advocate for each side has appeared.
We referred last week to the visit here of the President of the Hawaiian
republic, Mr. Sanford B. Dole. He has recently stated his side of the
matter, in an interview.
And the deposed Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani, or "ex-Queen," as she is
called, has presented her views in the form of a book, giving an account
of her whole life.
Let us first see what Liliuokalani has to say.
In the first part of the book she tells us how she was brought up. It is
astonishing to read that, though she was the daughter of one of the
chiefs of the island, she was sent, very shortly after birth, to the
house of another chief, named Paki, where there was only one daughter,
Bernice, and made a member of his family.
This chief was married to a granddaughter of one of the Hawaiian kings,
Kamehameha I., so the adopted girl was considered a member of the royal
family.
Here is the account Liliuokalani herself gives of her adoption:
"I knew no other father or mother than my foster-parents, no other
sister than Bernice. I used to climb up on the knees of Paki, put my
arms around his neck, kiss him, and he caressed me as a father would his
child; while, on the contrary, when I met my own parents, it was with
perhaps more of interest, yet always with the demeanor I would have
shown to any strangers who noticed me.
"My own father and mother had other children, ten in all, the most of
them being adopted into other chiefs' families; and although I knew that
these were my own brothers and sisters, yet we met throughout my
younger life as though we had not known our common parentage.
"This was, and indeed is, in accordance with Hawaiian customs. It is not
easy to explain its origin to those alien to our national life, but it
seems perfectly natural to us.
"As intelligible a reason as can be given is that this alliance by
adoption cemented the ties of friendship between the chiefs. It spread
to the common people, and it has doubtless fostered a community of
interest and harmony."
It is odd to think of a princess, even of an Hawaiian princess, as being
educated, like other girls, in a school. But the school she attended was
for those pupils only who had some claim on the succession to the
throne.
Near-by, however, there was another school, where some of the children
of American residents were educated. Among these was John O. Dominis,
the son of a sea-captain of Italian descent, and whose mother was a
Boston woman.
Young Dominis made the acquaintance of the future Queen by climbing over
the wall and talking to the pupils of the Royal School, as it was
called.
A number of years later, in 1862, Liliuokalani became his wife.
This long name, by the way, was not given her until 1877, when the heir
to the throne died, and she became the next in succession to the
reigning King Kalakaua.
This King may be said to have helped to cause the revolution that made
Hawaii a republic. In 1887 he was persuaded by the white residents,
largely Americans or the sons of Americans, to give the country a new
constitution that took away a great deal of his power.
"It may be asked," the Queen writes, "Why did the King give them his
signature? I answer without hesitation, because he had discovered
traitors among his most trusted friends, and knew not in whom he could
trust; and because he had every assurance, short of actual
demonstration, that the conspirators were ripe for revolution, and had
taken measures to have him assassinated if he refused.
"His movements of late had been watched, and his steps dogged, as though
he had been a fugitive from justice. Whenever he attempted to go out in
the evening, either to call at the hotel or visit any one of his
friends' houses, he was conscious of the presence of enemies who were
following stealthily on his track.
"But, happily, Providence watched over him, and thus he was guarded from
personal harm.
"He signed that constitution under absolute compulsion. Details of the
conspiracy have come to me since from sources upon which I can rely,
which lead to the conviction that but for the repugnance or timidity of
one of the executive committee, since risen very high in the counsels of
the so-called republic, he would have been assassinated.
"Then they had planned for the immediate abrogation of the monarchy, the
declaration of a republic, and a proposal for annexation to be made to
the United States.
"The constitution of the republic was actually framed and agreed upon,
but the plot was not fully carried out--more moderate counsels
prevailed.
"They therefore took the very constitution of which I have spoken, the
one which had been drafted for a republic, hastily rewrote it so as to
answer their ends, and forced Kalakaua to affix thereto his official
signature."
In 1891 Kalakaua died and Liliuokalani succeeded him. Not long afterward
she determined to try to get back the power for the monarchy that had
been taken away.
This soon caused the revolution. Her enemies brought a number of charges
against her, and to the chief of these she replies in her book.
Though comparatively few in number, her enemies had so much power that
they were able to overturn the Government with little difficulty.
Then they appealed to President Cleveland, asking that the islands be
annexed.
As the President gave them no encouragement, they continued to govern
Hawaii as a republic.
In 1895 an effort was made to place Liliuokalani again on the throne. It
failed, and for a time the ex-Queen was held as a prisoner.
After her release she came to this country to try to secure the aid of
our Government.
The Government, however, did not interfere.
Among our legislators and in our newspapers a great deal of sympathy was
expressed for the revolutionists and a great deal said in favor of
annexation.
At last the republic of Hawaii formally requested that it be made a part
of the United States. This brought the matter before Congress, where,
as we have said, it is now being carefully considered.
In her book, Liliuokalani makes this strong appeal to the people of the
United States not to take sides with those who have driven her from her
throne:
"O honest Americans, as Christians, hear me for my downtrodden people!
Their form of government is as dear to them as yours is precious to you.
Quite as warmly as you love your country, do they love theirs. With all
your goodly possessions, covering a territory so immense that there yet
remain parts unexplored, possessing islands that, although near at hand,
had to be neutral ground in time of war, do not covet the little
vineyard of Naboth's, so far from your shores, lest the punishment of
Ahab fall upon you, if not in your day, in that of your children, for
'be not deceived, God is not mocked.' The people to whom your fathers
told of the living God, and taught to call 'Father,' and whom the sons
now seek to despoil and destroy, are crying aloud to Him in their time
of trouble, and He will keep His promise, and will listen to the voices
of His Hawaiian children lamenting for their homes."
In view of all that Liliuokalani has to say, the recent interview with
President Dole is particularly interesting.
After explaining that no special powers had been granted him on his
present mission by the Hawaiian Senate, the President declared it was
the belief of the friends of annexation that if the recent amendment of
Senator Bacon, to let the question be decided by a vote of the Hawaiian
citizens, had been accepted, the vote would be in favor of the treaty.
President Dole said that, in case of annexation, Hawaii had in view no
radical changes in legislation.
"The treaty provides," he said, "for the appointment by the President of
the United States of a commission authorized to formulate and recommend
to Congress the legislation and forms of government for Hawaii.
"The matter of franchise is now specifically provided for by our laws.
For those who elect Senators there is a property and educational
qualification; for those who elect Representatives an educational
qualification. All electors must take an oath of allegiance to the
present Government and renounce allegiance to monarchy.
"There is a strong sentiment on the island against allowing Chinese and
Japanese to become citizens. There are cases where these races have
acquired the ballot, but they are very few, and the sentiment is adverse
to their becoming citizens.
"The natives are all citizens, and would have the right of franchise.
Under the regulations now governing the franchise, about 4,000 votes
were cast in the election of 1894, and about 3,000 at the more recent
election."
President Dole made a glowing picture of the benefits that this country
would receive from annexation. It would greatly encourage commerce
between the United States and Hawaii by making the trade absolutely
free, and it would open up to Americans a great many industries, the
chief among them being coffee-growing.
It would also vastly improve the condition of the islands themselves.
In case annexation is rejected by our Government, President Dole says
the Hawaiian Government will continue much as it is at present.
Whatever happens, there is slight prospect that Liliuokalani will be
restored to her throne.
* * * * *
At last accounts, Havana was in a state of peace. But it was feared that
this peace would not last, and an outbreak against the Americans was
expected.
Only the other day Representative Amos Cummings, of New York, made a
fierce speech attacking the Spanish authorities and urging our
Government to go to war with Spain and help to free Cuba. He compared
the condition of Cuba to-day with the condition of the American colonies
at the time of the Revolution.
Then, too, a great meeting was recently held in Boston to uphold Cuba's
cause, and the feeling in favor of the Cubans has been strongly shown
throughout the United States.
But the Cuban insurgents are suspicious of Americans, because our
Government has done nothing to help them.
If the Government did do anything to assist the Cuban cause, we should
probably have a war on our hands in a very short time.