The Mind of the Child, Part II

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EDITED BY WILLIAM T. HARRIS, A. M., LL. D.

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_INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION SERIES_

THE MIND OF THE CHILD
PART II

THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE INTELLECT

_OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING
THE MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN BEING
IN THE FIRST YEARS OF LIFE_

BY
W. PREYER
PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY IN JENA

TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL GERMAN
BY H. W. BROWN
TEACHER IN THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AT WORCESTER, MASS.

NEW YORK
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
1895

COPYRIGHT, 1889,
BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.

EDITOR'S PREFACE.

This second volume contains the further investigations of Professor
Preyer on the mind of the child. The former volume contained the first
and second portions, devoted respectively to the development of the
senses and of the will. The present volume contains the third part,
treating of the development of the intellect; and three appendixes are
added containing supplementary matter.

Professor Preyer considers that the development of the power of using
language is the most prominent index to the unfolding of the intellect.
He differs with Professor Max Mueller, however, on the question whether
the operation of thinking can be carried on without the use of words
(see the recent elaborate work of the latter on "The Science of
Thought").

At my suggestion, the painstaking translator of this book has prepared
a full conspectus, showing the results of Professor Preyer's careful
observations in a chronological order, arranged by months. This
considerable labor will render the book more practical, inasmuch as it
will enable each reader to see at a glance the items of development of
the child in the several departments brought together in epochs. This
makes it possible to institute comparative observations under the
guidance of Professor Preyer's method. I think that I do not exaggerate
the value of this conspectus when I say that it doubles the value of the
work to the reader.

WILLIAM T. HARRIS.
CONCORD, MASS., _November, 1888_.

CONTENTS.
PAGE

PREFACE BY THE EDITOR v

CONSPECTUS SHOWING THE PROGRESS OF THE CHILD BY MONTHS ix

THIRD PART.

_DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECT._

CHAPTER

XVI.--DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD'S INTELLECT INDEPENDENT
OF LANGUAGE 3

XVII.--LEARNING TO SPEAK 33

1. Disturbances of Speech in Adults 34
(1) Periphero-Impressive or Perceptive Disturbances, 36.
(2) Central Disturbances, 37.
(3) Periphero-Expressive or Articulatory Disturbances, 38.

2. The Organic Conditions of Learning to Speak 42

3. Parallel between the Disturbances of Speech in
Adults and the Imperfections of Speech in the Child 45

I. Lalopathy, 47.
A. The Impressive Peripheral Processes
disturbed--Deafness, 47.
B. The Central Processes disturbed--Dysphasia, 47.
(1) The Sensory Processes centrally disturbed, 47.
(2) The Sensori-motor Processes of Diction
disturbed, 48.
(3) The Motor Processes centrally disturbed, 49.
C. The Expressive Peripheral Processes disturbed, 54.
(1) Dyslalia and Alalia, 54.
(2) Literal Pararthria or Paralalia, 56.
(3) Bradylalia, or Bradyarthria, 57.
II. Dysphasia, 58.
III. Dysmimia, 62.

4. Development of Speech in the Child 64

XVIII.--FIRST SOUNDS AND BEGINNINGS OF SPEECH IN THE CASE OF A
CHILD OBSERVED DAILY DURING HIS FIRST THREE YEARS 99

XIX.--DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEELING OF SELF, THE "I"-FEELING 189

XX.--SUMMARY OF RESULTS 208

APPENDIXES.

APPENDIX A.--Comparative Observations concerning the Acquirement
of Speech by German and Foreign Children 221
(_a_) Diary of the Child of the Baroness von Taube, of
Esthonia, 261.

APPENDIX B.--Notes concerning Lacking, Defective, and Arrested
Mental Development in the First Years of Life 272

APPENDIX C.--Reports concerning the Process of Learning
to See, on the part of Persons born blind, but acquiring
Sight through Surgical Treatment. Also some Critical
Remarks 286

I. The Chesselden Case, 286.
II, III. The Ware Cases, 288.
IV, V. The Home Cases, 296.
VI. The Wardrop Case, 300.
VII. The Franz Case, 306.
Final Remarks, 312.

A CONSPECTUS OF THE OBSERVATIONS OF PROFESSOR PREYER ON THE MIND OF THE
CHILD.

ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY BY MONTHS, FOR THE CONVENIENCE OF THOSE WHO
WISH TO VERIFY THESE OBSERVATIONS, OR TO USE THEM AS A GUIDE IN THEIR
OWN INVESTIGATIONS.

BY H. W. BROWN.

FIRST MONTH.

SENSES.[A]

SIGHT.--_Light._--Five minutes after birth, slight sensibility to light
(2). Second day, sensitiveness to light of candle (3). Sixth and seventh
days, pleasure in moderately bright daylight (3, 4). Ninth and tenth
days, sensitiveness greater at waking than soon afterward (3). Sleeping
babes close the eyes more tightly when light falls on the eyes (4).
Eleventh day, pleasure in light of candle and in bright object (3).

_Discrimination of Colors._--Twenty-third day, pleasure in sight of
rose-colored curtain (6).

_Movements of Eyelids._--First to eleventh day, shutting and opening of
eyes (22). Irregular movements (23). Lid closed at touch of lashes from
sixth day on (26). Twenty-fifth day, eyes opened and shut when child is
spoken to or nodded to (30).

Pleasure shown by opening eyes wide, displeasure by shutting them
tightly; third, sixteenth, and twenty-first days (31).

_Movements of Eyes._--First day, to right and left (35). Tenth day,
non-cooerdinated movements (36). Third week, irregularity prevails (37).

_Direction of Look._--Eleventh day, to father's face and to the light
(43). Upward look (43). Twenty-third day, active looking begins (44).
Twenty-third and thirtieth days, a moving light followed (44).

_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Twelfth day, hypermetropia (60).

HEARING.--First days, all children deaf (72). Fourth day, child hears
noises like clapping of hands (81). Eleventh and twelfth days, child
quieted by father's voice: hears whistling. Twenty-fifth day, pulsation
of lids at sound of low voice. Twenty-sixth day, starting at noise of
dish. Thirtieth day, fright at loud voice (82).

FEELING.--_Sensitiveness to Contact._--At birth (97-105). Second and
third days, starting at gentle touches. Seventh day, waked by touch on
face (105). Eleventh day, lid closed at touch of conjunctiva more slowly
than in adults (103).

_Perception of Touch._--First gained in nursing (110).

_Sensibility to Temperature._--At birth, cooling unpleasant. Warm bath
agreeable. Seventh day, eyes opened wide with pleasure from bath (112).
First two or three years, cold water disagreeable (114). Mucous membrane
of mouth, tongue, lips, very sensitive to cold and warmth (115).

TASTE.--_Sensibility._--At birth (116-118). First day, sugar licked
(118). Second day, milk licked (119). Differences among newly-born
(120). Sensation not merely general (122).

_Comparison of Impressions._--During nursing period child prefers sweet
taste (123). Second day, child accepts food that on the fourth he
refuses (124).

SMELL.--_Faculty at Birth._--Strong-smelling substances produce mimetic
movements (130).

_Discrimination._--Eighth day, groping about for nipple (134).

ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--_Pleasure._--First day, in nursing; in
the bath; in the sight of objects; in the light (141).

_Discomfort._--First days, from cold, wet, hunger, tight clothing, etc.
(147).

_Hunger._--First days, manifested in sucking movements, crying,
restlessness (152). Cry differs from that of pain or of satisfaction.
Other signs of hunger (153).

_Satiety._--Third to fifth week, the nipple pushed away with the lips:
mouth-piece of bottle ditto. Tenth day, smile after eating. Fourth week,
signs of satisfaction; laughing, opening and half shutting eyes;
inarticulate sounds (157).

_Fatigue._--From crying and nursing (159). Second and third weeks, from
use of senses (160). First month, sleep lasts two hours; sixteen of the
twenty-four hours spent in sleep (162).

WILL.

_Impulsive Movements._--Outstretching and bending of arms and legs just
after birth; contractions, spreading and bending of fingers (205).
Grimaces (207). Wrinkling of forehead (309). First day, arms and legs
take same position as before birth (206). Second week, stretching of
limbs after waking (205).

_Reflex Movements._--In case of light-impressions (34-42). First cry
(213). Sneezing of newly-born (214). Coughing, ditto. (216). Seventh
day, yawning (215). First day, spreading of toes when sole of foot is
touched (224). First day, hiccough (219). First five days, choking
(218). Wheezing, yawning (215). Seventh day, respiration irregular
(217). Ninth day, clasping (243). Tenth day, lips protruded (283).
Fourteenth day, movement of left hand toward left temple (220).
Twenty-fourth day, snoring (215).

_Instinctive Movements._--First to third day, hands to face. Fifth day,
fingers clasp firmly; toes do not. Sixth day, hands go into eye (244).
Seventh day, pencil held with toes, but no seizing. Ninth day, no
clasping by sleeping child (245). Sucking (257-261). At end of first
week, lateral movements of head (264). Third week, clasping with
fingers, not with thumb (245).

_Expressive Movements._--Twenty-sixth day, smile of contentment (296).
Twenty-third day, tears flow (307). Crying, with tears, and whimpering,
become signs of mental states (308).

INTELLECT.[B]

Memory first active in the departments of taste and of smell; then in
touch, sight, hearing (5). Comparison of tastes (I, 123). Vowel-sounds
in first month (67). Sounds in first six months (74). Sounds made in
crying and screaming, _u-ae_ (101). Twenty-second day, association of
the breast with nursing (I, 260).

FOOTNOTES:

[A] Under "Senses" and "Will" the numbers in parentheses indicate pages
in Vol. I.

[B] Under "Intellect" the numbers in parentheses indicate pages from
Vol. II, unless otherwise stated.

SECOND MONTH.

SENSES.

SIGHT.--_Light._--Bright or highly-colored objects give pleasure (4).

_Discrimination of Colors._--Forty-second day, pleasure in sight of
colored tassels (7).

_Movements of Eyelids._--Fifth week, irregular movements of lids. Eighth
week, lid covering iris (23). Twenty-fifth day, opening and shutting
eyes in surprise (30). Fifty-seventh and fifty-eighth days, winking.
Sixtieth day, quick opening and shutting in fright (26).

_Movements of Eyes._--Thirty-first day, strabismus rare. Forty-sixth to
fiftieth day, very rare. Fifty-fifth day, irregular movements rare, but
appearing in sleep till the sixtieth day (37).

_Direction of Look._--Fifth week, toward the Christmas-tree (45).
Thirty-ninth day, toward tassels swinging (46). Seventh week, moving
lamp or bright object followed (45).

HEARING.--Fifth week, child does not sleep if persons walk or speak.
Starting at noises. Sixth week, starting at slight noises even in sleep;
quieted by mother's singing. Seventh week, fright at noise is greater
(83). Sensibility to musical tones, ditto. Eighth week, tones of piano
give pleasure (84).

TOUCH.--Thirty-eighth day, movements caused by touch of water (107).
Forty-first day, reflex movement of arms caused by a general slight
agitation (105, 106). Fiftieth and fifty-fifth days, closing of eyelid
at touch of eyelash (103). Seventh week, upper lip sensitive (100).

ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Pleasure in musical sounds (141); in
sight of human face (142). Reflexive laughing (145). Sixth week,
fretfulness and hunger (155). Eighth week, fatigue after hearing
piano-playing (160). Sleep of three, sometimes of five or six hours
(162).

WILL.

_Impulsive Movements._--Of eyes before waking, also twistings and
raisings of trunk (206). Seventh week, number of respirations
twenty-eight to the minute (217).

_Reflex Movements._--Of right arm at touch of left temple (220).
Forty-third day, sneezing caused by witch-meal (215). Fifth week,
vomiting (219). Eighth week, laughing caused by tickling (225).

_Instinctive Movements._--Seventh week, clasping not yet with thumb.
Eighth week, the four fingers of the child embrace the father's finger
(245).

INTELLECT.

_Speech._--Forty-third day, first consonant; child says _am-ma_; also
vowel-sound _ao_. Forty-fourth day, syllables _ta-hu_; forty-sixth day,
_goe_, _oeroe_; fifty-first day, _ara_; eighth and ninth weeks, _oerroe_,
_arra_, frequent (102).

THIRD MONTH.

SENSES.

SIGHT.--_Movements of the Eyelids._--Eyelid not completely
raised when child looked up (23). Irregular movements of eyes appear
(though rare) up to tenth week; at three months are no more observed
(37).

_Direction of Look._--Sixty-first day, child looked at his mother and
gave a cry of joy; the father's face made the child gay. Sixty-second
day, look directed at a swinging lamp (46).

_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Ninth week, accommodation apparent
(54).

HEARING.--Ninth week, sound of watch arouses attention; other
noises (84). Eleventh week, head moved in direction of sound (85).
Eighty-first day ditto. (47). Twelfth week, sudden turning of head
toward sounding body (85).

ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--_Pleasure._--Smile at sight
of the mother's face (145).

_Unpleasant Feeling._--From some internal cause (151).

_Fatigue._--Sucking tiresome (159). Sleep of four or five hours without
waking (162).

_Hunger._--Tenth week, child hungry three times or more in a night
(155).

WILL.

_Reflex Movements._--Respirations, thirteenth week, twenty-seven to the
minute (217). Hiccough frequent; stopped by use of sweetened water
(219).

_Instinctive Movements._--Eleventh week, pencil held, but mechanically;
thumb not used in clasping (245). Twelfth week, eighty-fourth day,
contra-position of thumb reflexive (245, 246). Thirteenth week, thumb
follows fingers more readily (246). Eleventh week, head balanced
occasionally. Twelfth week, some gain in holding head. Thirteenth week,
head tolerably well balanced (264). Seizing merely apparent (246). No
voluntary movement (266).

INTELLECT.

Eighty-first day, seeking direction of sound (I, 47).

_Speech._--Consonant _m_ frequent (67). Sixty-fourth day, _ma_ (102).
Sixty-fifth day, _nei nei nei_ and once _a-omb_. Sixty-sixth day, _la_,
_grei_, _aho_, _ma_. Sixty-ninth day, _moemm_ and _ngoe_. Seventy-first
day, _ra-a-ao_. Seventy-sixth day, _nae_ and _n[=a]i-n_. Seventy-eighth
day, _habu_. Twelfth week, _a-i_ and _u[=a]o_, _ae-o-a_, _ae-a-a_ and
_o-ae-oe_ (103).

_Feeling of Self._--Eleventh week, child does not see himself in mirror
(197).

FOURTH MONTH.

SENSES.

SIGHT.--_Movements of Eyelids._--Ninety-eighth day, brow wrinkled when
look is upward (24). Fifty-seventh day, winking (26). Fifteenth and
sixteenth weeks, ditto (27). Seventeenth week, objects seized are moved
toward eyes; grasping at objects too distant (55).

_Movements of Eyes._--No more non-cooerdinated (37).

_Direction of Look._--Fourteenth week, following person moving. One
hundred and first day, following pendulum. Sixteenth week, gazing at
sides and ceiling of carriage and at objects (48).

HEARING.--Sixteenth week, head turned toward sound with certainty of
reflex (85).

FEELING.--Seventeenth week, eyes are closed when a drop of water touches
lashes (103). Fourteenth week, sleeping child throws up arms at sudden
touch (106).

ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Pleasure in grasping at objects (142).
Fifteenth week, intervals between meals three or four hours (155). Sleep
lasts five or six hours (162). Twenty-second week, astonishment at
seeing father after separation (173). Fourteenth week, smile of satiety.
Seventeenth week, joy in seeing image in mirror (297).

WILL.

_Reflex Movements._--Fourteenth week, right hand to right eye (220).

_Instinctive Movements._--Fourteenth week, hands hold objects longer
and with contra-position of thumb. Fifteenth and sixteenth weeks, no
intentional seizing. One hundred and fourteenth day, ditto (246).
Seventeenth week, efforts to take hold of ball; ball moved to mouth
and eyes. One hundred and eighteenth day, frequent attempts at seizing;
following day, grasping gives pleasure (247). Fourteenth week, head
seldom falls forward. Sixteenth week, head held up permanently (264),
this the first distinct manifestation of will (265). Fourteenth week,
child sits, his back supported (267). Seventeenth week, biting (261).

_Imitative Movements._--Fifteenth week, beginnings of imitation; trying
to purse the lips (283). Seventeenth week, protruding tip of tongue
(284).

_Expressive Movements._--Sixteenth week, turnings of head and nodding,
not significant; head turned away in refusal (314).

_Deliberate Movements._--Fourteenth week, attentive looking at person
moving; one hundred and first day, at pendulum swinging (48). Fifteenth
week, imitation, pursing lips (283). Sixteenth and seventeenth weeks,
voluntary gazing at image in mirror (343).

INTELLECT.

Intellect participates in voluntary movements (I, 338).

_Speech._--Fourteenth week, _ntoe_, _ha_, _loe_, _na_. Fifteenth week,
_nan-nana_, _n[=a]-n[=a]_, _nanna_, in refusal (103). Sixteenth week, in
screaming, _ae-[)u] ae-[)u] ae_, _[=a]-[)u] [=a]-[)u]_, _[)u]-ae [)u]-ae_,
_[=u]-[=u]-[=a]-oe_, _amme-a_; in discomfort,
_[=u][)a]-[=u][)a]-[=u][)a]-[=u][)a]_ (104).

_Feeling of Self._--Seventeenth week, child gazes at his own hand (193).
One hundred and thirteenth day, for the first time regards his image
with attention (197). One hundred and sixteenth day, laughs at his image
(198).

FIFTH MONTH.

SENSES.

SIGHT.--_Direction of Look._--Looking inquiringly (48).

_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Reaching too short (55).

HEARING.--Nineteenth week, pleasure in sound of crumpling of paper by
himself. Twenty-first week, beating of gong enchains attention (85).
Disturbed by noise (86).

TOUCH.--Auditory canal sensitive (106).

ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Pleasure in crumpling paper, tearing
newspapers and rolling them into balls, pulling at glove or hair,
ringing of a bell (142, 143). Eighteenth week, discomfort shown by
depressing angles of mouth (149). Eighteenth week, nights of ten to
eleven hours without taking food (155). Eighteenth week, desire shown
by stretching out arms (247).

WILL.

_Instinctive Movements._--Eighteenth week, objects seized are held
firmly and carried to the mouth (247). Nineteenth week, child takes
bit of meat and carries to mouth. One hundred and twenty-third day,
lips protruded in connection with seizing (248).

INTELLECT.

_Speech._--Consonant _k_, _goe_, _koe_, _[)a]gg[)e]gg[)e]koe_. First five
months, screaming sounds _u_, _ae_, _oe_, _a_, with _ue_ and _o_; _m_
almost the only consonant (104).

_Feeling of Self._--Discovery by child that he can cause sensations of
sound (192). Looking at his own fingers very attentively (194).

SIXTH MONTH.

SENSES.

SIGHT.--_Movements of Eyelids._--Twenty-fifth-week, winking caused by
puff of wind in face (27).

_Interpretation of what is seen._--Child laughs when nodded to by
father; observes father's image in mirror, etc. (62).

TASTE.--Medicine taken if sweetened (124). One hundred and fifty-sixth
day, child refuses breast, having had sweeter milk. End of twenty-third
week, milk of new nurse taken, also cow's milk, meat-broth (125).

ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Pleasure in grasping increases (142).
Arms moved up and down when child is nodded to (144). Twenty-third week,
depression of angles of mouth and cry of distress caused by harsh
address (149). Hunger apparent in persistent gaze at bottle, crying, and
opening of mouth (154). Sleep of six to eight hours (162). Astonishment
at seeing father after separation, and at sight of stranger (173).

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